حشو زائد در انگلیسی
(Redundant Phrases)
حشو زائد چیست؟ کلامی است که در جمله زائد است و احتیاجی به آن نیست.
اگر بگوئید : محل توقفگاه خودرو ، این عبارت حشو زائد یا قبیح است زیرا پسوند "گاه" به معنی
محل است بنابر این محل محل توقف حشو می باشد.در این مورد می توان یا از : محل توقف و یا از : توقفگاه استفاده کرد. سنگ حجرالاسود ، مفید فایده (مفید)، مثمر ثمر(مثمر) ، مقابله به مثل (معامله به مثل)،..
نمونه هایی از حشو در زبان فارسی است.
Instead of ...به جای این عبارت های حشو... |
Change to or try ...از این عبارت ها استفاده کنید |
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absolutely complete |
complete |
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absolutely essential, absolutely indispensable |
essential, indispensable |
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actual experience, past experience |
experience |
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added bonus |
bonus |
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planning, notice, warning |
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reservations |
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drop already |
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use either and or also but not both |
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are in receipt of |
have, have received |
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arrived at the conclusion |
concluded |
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ask the question |
ask |
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assembled |
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about or at |
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ATM |
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at the earliest possible date |
, soon, as soon as possible (or be specific) |
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drop back |
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basic, fundamental |
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big |
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brief in duration |
brief |
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cancel out |
cancel |
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capital, Capitol |
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CD-ROM |
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evident, obvious |
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near, close |
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(blue, green, red ...) in color |
blue, green, red ... |
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demolished, destroyed |
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completely opposite |
opposite |
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surrounded |
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complete monopoly |
monopoly |
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consensus |
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continue on |
continue |
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contributing factor |
factor, reason, cause |
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issue |
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cooperate (or replace with simpler help) |
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costs a total of, costs the sum of |
costs |
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current status |
status |
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doctorate degree |
doctorate |
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each or every (not both) |
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enclosed is, I enclose, here is, here are |
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product, result |
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estimated at or about |
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exactly identical |
identical |
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excess verbiage |
verbiage |
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few |
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filled to capacity |
filled |
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final completion, final conclusion, final outcome, final result |
completion, conclusion, outcome, result |
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first and foremost |
first |
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began (created, introduced, invented) |
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follow after |
after |
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foot pedal |
pedal |
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foreign imports |
imports |
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forward progress |
progress |
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free or gift |
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plans |
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consensus |
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public, citizens |
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group |
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HIV |
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honest truth |
truth |
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hot-water heater |
water heater |
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either if or when |
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I wish to take this opportunity to thank you |
thank you |
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join, link |
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large |
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made out of |
Drop out |
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Drop possibly |
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January, June ... |
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often |
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mutual (agreement, communication, cooperation, friendship, understanding) |
Drop mutual |
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necessary (prerequisite, requirement, requisite) |
Drop necessary, use only necessary, or use needed or essential instead |
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new breakthrough |
breakthrough |
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development |
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none |
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drop old |
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again, repeatedly |
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exaggerate |
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passing (craze, fad, fancy, phase) |
Drop passing |
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Drop past, previous or prior |
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either period or time |
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personally responsible |
responsible |
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PIN |
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either now or today |
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postpone until later |
postpone |
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dangerous, hazardous, unsafe |
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present incumbent |
incumbent |
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rate of speed |
speed |
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Drop all-time, new, high |
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repeat again |
repeat |
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(the) reason is or because |
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round in shape |
round |
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haven |
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same identical |
same |
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separate apart |
separate |
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substitute using for sharing or drop same |
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small |
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smooth to the touch |
smooth |
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square in shape |
square |
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starve to death |
starve |
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remain(s) |
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storm |
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tall in height, tall of stature |
tall |
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temporary loan |
loan |
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time reprieve |
reprieve |
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time period |
time, period |
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demolished, destroyed |
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drop together |
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number |
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fact, truth |
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noon, midnight |
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unite |
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either unless or until |
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up |
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usual custom, usual habit |
custom, habit |
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visible |
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warn |
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weather, climate |
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either while or at the same time |
منبع:
http://home.comcast.net/~garbl/writing/concise.htm