حشو زائد در انگلیسی


(Redundant Phrases)


حشو زائد چیست؟ کلامی است که در جمله زائد است و احتیاجی به آن نیست.


اگر بگوئید : محل توقفگاه خودرو ، این عبارت حشو زائد یا قبیح  است زیرا پسوند "گاه" به معنی


محل است بنابر این محل محل توقف حشو می باشد.در این مورد می توان یا از : محل توقف و یا از : توقفگاه استفاده کرد. سنگ حجرالاسود ، مفید فایده (مفید)، مثمر ثمر(مثمر) ، مقابله به مثل (معامله به مثل)،..


نمونه هایی از حشو در زبان فارسی است.


 










































































































































































































































































































































































Instead of ...


به جای این عبارت های حشو...


Change to or try ...


از این عبارت ها استفاده کنید


absolutely complete


complete


absolutely essential, absolutely indispensable


essential, indispensable


actual experience, past experience


experience


added bonus


bonus


advance planning, advance notice, advance warning


planning, notice, warning


advance reservations


reservations


already exist


drop already


and also


use either and or also but not both


are in receipt of


have, have received


arrived at the conclusion


concluded


ask the question


ask


assembled together


assembled


at about


about or at


ATM machine


ATM


at the earliest possible date


, soon, as soon as possible (or be specific)


(refer, repay, return, revert) back


drop back


basic fundamental


basic, fundamental


big in size


big


brief in duration


brief


cancel out


cancel


capital city, Capitol building


capital, Capitol


CD-ROM disk


CD-ROM


clearly evident


evident, obvious


close proximity


near, close


(blue, green, red ...) in color


blue, green, red ...


completely demolished, completely destroyed


demolished, destroyed


completely opposite


opposite


completely surrounded


surrounded


complete monopoly


monopoly


consensus of opinion, general consensus


consensus


continue on


continue


contributing factor


factor, reason, cause


controversial issue


issue


cooperate together


cooperate (or replace with simpler help)


costs a total of, costs the sum of


costs


current status


status


doctorate degree


doctorate


each and every


each or every (not both)


enclosed herewith please find, enclosed herein


enclosed is, I enclose, here is, here are


end product, end result


product, result


estimated at about


estimated at or about


exactly identical


identical


excess verbiage


verbiage


few in number


few


filled to capacity


filled


final completion, final conclusion, final outcome, final result


completion, conclusion, outcome, result


first and foremost


first


first began (created, introduced, invented)


began (created, introduced, invented)


follow after


after


foot pedal


pedal


foreign imports


imports


forward progress


progress


free gift


free or gift


future plans


plans


general consensus


consensus


general public


public, citizens


group together


group


HIV virus


HIV


honest truth


truth


hot-water heater


water heater


if and when


either if or when


I wish to take this opportunity to thank you


thank you


join together, link together


join, link


large in size


large


made out of


Drop out


may possibly, might possibly


Drop possibly


month of January, month of June ...


January, June ...


more and more


often


mutual (agreement, communication, cooperation, friendship, understanding)


Drop mutual


necessary (prerequisite, requirement, requisite)


Drop necessary, use only necessary, or use needed or essential instead


new breakthrough


breakthrough


new development


development


none at all


none


old (adage, cliche, maxim, proverb, relic, saying)


drop old


over and over


again, repeatedly


overexaggerate


exaggerate


passing (craze, fad, fancy, phase)


Drop passing


past (previous, prior) history (accomplishment, experience, performance, practice, precedent, record)


Drop past, previous or prior


period of time


either period or time


personally responsible


responsible


PIN number


PIN


point in time


either now or today


postpone until later


postpone


potentially dangerous, potentially hazardous


dangerous, hazardous, unsafe


present incumbent


incumbent


rate of speed


speed


(all-time, new) record (high)


Drop all-time, new, high


repeat again


repeat


(the) reason is because


(the) reason is or because


round in shape


round


safe haven


haven


same identical


same


separate apart


separate


sharing the same ...


substitute using for sharing or drop same


small in size


small


smooth to the touch


smooth


square in shape


square


starve to death


starve


still remain(s)


remain(s)


storm event


storm


sum total


total


tall in height, tall of stature


tall


temporary loan


loan


time reprieve


reprieve


time period


time, period


totally demolished, totally destroyed


demolished, destroyed


(combine, group, join, link, unite) together (with)


drop together


total number


number


true fact


fact, truth


12 noon, 12 midnight


noon, midnight


unite together


unite


unless or until


either unless or until


(ascend, climb, hoist, lift) up


up


usual custom, usual habit


custom, habit


visible to the eye


visible


warn in advance


warn


weather conditions


weather, climate


while at the same time


either while or at the same time


منبع:


http://home.comcast.net/~garbl/writing/concise.htm